HARDWARE
Showing posts with label HARDWARE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HARDWARE. Show all posts

How to increase hard disk space?

January 04, 2012 Add Comment

How to increase hard disk space?



Disable System Restore:

System Restore is a function to let user restore whole Windows back to specified date and time. It’s useful when our Windows is encounter some critical problem that we have no ideas how to solve it. However , are we really need it? In my opinion, it’s just not worth to turn this function on. The system restore function will took your total 1%-12% (base on how many restore points) of your hard disk space.

 How to turn off System Restore?
There are 4 steps to turn off your System Restore  

1. First click Right my Computer and click properties.

2. System Properties dialog pop up, choose System Restore Tab

3. Check “turn off system restore on all drives option”

4. Apply


Disable Hibernation:

Windows Hibernate is a function that store whatever it has in memory into our hard disk and shuts down. When our computer come out from hibernation, it returns to its previous state. It can improvement a lot computer performance. but can also damage your hard disk.  

 How to turn off Hibernation?
There are 4 steps to trun of Hibernation

1. Access Control Panel

2. Click Power Options icon

3. Choose Hibernate Tab

4. Uncheck “Enable Hibernation”

5. Apply

Clean it up , delete all useless files automatically:

This is the most efficient ways to free up the hard disk space, we need to delete all the log files, temp files , internet explorer temp files and etc. We have to delete all those useless files. If you want to delete it manually, it’s fine to do it by hand, you just have to find out where is the file location.
 How to Clean it up with CCleaner?

There are 4 steps to clean the log files with CC Cleaner

1. Access CCleaner website http://www.ccleaner.com/

2. Download and Installed

3. Run CCleaner

4. Click Analyze to analyze your computer useless file

5. Click Run to clean it up

Move paging file (Virtual Memory) to other drives:

Paging file also called as virtual memory. Windows used paging file from hard disk size as it were additional RAM. It can boost up the computer performance, I will not advice to turn this function off, It’s recommend to move it to other more space hard disk drive. It’s usually located at C drive, please move the paging file from low space hard disk drive to other more space hard disk drive.
How to Move paging file (Virtual Memory) to other drives

There are 6 steps to maove paging file (Virtual Memory) to other drives

1. Right My Computer icon, click properties to access “System Properties” dialog

2. Choose “Advanced” tab, under performance box, click “Setting” to access “Performance Options” dialog

3. Choose “Advance” tab, under Virtual Memory box, click change to access “Virtual Memory” dialog

4. Select the No paging and click set button

5. Select others drive and specify the paging size , click Set

6. Apply

Hard Disk Drives troubleshooting

August 07, 2008 Add Comment

Hard Disk Drives troubleshooting



# Basic Troubleshooting Tips after Installing a New Hard Drive
Based on Seagate IDE hard drives.

If you have installed your drive and it does not function properly, perform the following basic checks:

Warning: Always turn off your computer before changing jumpers or unplugging cables and cards. Wear a ground strap or use other anti static precautions while working on your computer or handling your drive.

* Verify compatibility. Verify that the host adapter and drive are appropriately matched to each other and to your computer. Refer to the relevant documentation for details.
* Check all cards. Verify that all the cards are seated in their slots on the motherboard and secured with mounting screws.
* Check all connectors and cables. Make sure all ribbon and power cables are securely connected. Ribbon cables are easily damaged, especially at the connector. Try a new cable that you know is good. Make sure no connector pins are bent. Verify that pin 1 on the interface cable is aligned with pin 1 on the drive and host adapter.
* Verify jumper settings. Review the instructions in this guide and in your host adapter installation guide. Make sure all appropriate jumpers are installed or removed as necessary.
* Check your power supply specifications. Each time you add a new device to your computer, make sure your computer?s internal power supply can support the total power demand. If necessary, consult your dealer for a new power supply.
* Verify the drive-type settings in the system setup program. The drive-type settings in the system BIOS must not exceed the physical specifications of your drive. Also, the settings must not exceed the limitations set by the operating system and BIOS.
* Check for viruses. Before you use someone else?s diskette in your system for the first time, scan the diskette for viruses.


Additional Troubleshooting Tips

If you have performed the preceding basic checks but the problem persists, follow these guidelines for troubleshooting specific cases:

* After you install your new drive, your computer will not boot, and no error message appears on the screen.
* The screen remains blank when you power up the system.
* The system does not recognize the drive.
* The dealer partitioned and formatted the drive for you in the store, but the drive does not respond when you install it.
* The system hangs in FDISK or fails to create or save the partition record.
* The system error message, ?Drive not Ready,? appears.
* The FDISK error message, ?No Fixed Disk Present,? appears.
* The drive does not format to full capacity.
* The DOS message, ?Disk Boot Failure,? ?Non-System Disk? or ?No ROM Basic-SYSTEM HALTED? appears.
* The system error message, ?HDD controller failure? appears.


# After you install your new drive, your computer will not boot, and no error message appears on the screen.

Check your computer manual or BIOS manufacturer to determine whether your BIOS support drive that have more than 4,092 cylinders. If your system has this limitation, use the following procedure to configure your computer:

1. Turn off your computer, open the case, and remove your new drive.

CAUTION: To avoid electrostatic discharge damage to your computer or hard drive, make sure you are well grounded before touching the drive, cable, connector or jumpers.

2. Move the jumper on the alternate-capacity jumper. This causes the drive to appear to your BIOS as having a 2.1-Gbyte capacity (4,092cylinders, 16heads, 63sectors per track). You may need third party partitioning software, such as Disk Manager, to achieve full capacity of the drive.
3. Remount your drive in the computer and replace the computer drive.
4. Insert a bootable system diskette into drive A and turn on the computer. It should boot from drive A and automatically detect the new drive as a 2.1-Gbyte drive.
5. Insert your Disc Wizard diskette into drive A and type A: XDM. Then press ENTER. This runs the Disk Manager program.
6. Follow the Disk Manager instructions to install the dynamic drive overlay and to partition and format your new drive to its full capacity.
7. After Disk Manager is done, reboot your system. You should see the Disk Manager banner and be able to access the full capacity of your new drive.


# The screen remains blank when you power up the system.

If the steps listed above do not remedy this problem, try the following:

* Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.
* Check all cards.
* Make sure the video card is seated in its slot and secured with mounting screws.
* Turn off the computer and remove the drive host adapter. If the screen turns on after you reboot, the host adapter may be incompatible or defective. If so, see your dealer.


# The system does not recognize the drive.

* Check all cables.
* Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
* Reboot the computer and listen to make sure the drive motor starts up. If the drive is very quiet, it may be difficult to hear its disc reach operating speed. If the drive motor does not start up, recheck all drives cables.
* Verify that for each drive, a drive-type is listed in the system setup program.
* Try rebooting your computer by pressing the CTLR, ALT and DELETE keys simultaneously. If the drive is recognized after you reboot the system, the computer BIOS test may be completing before the drive is ready. One solution is to slow the processor speed during startup. If your computer has a turbo switch, set it to slow speed before turning the computer on. If there is no turbo switch, you may be able to use keyboard commands; see your computer manual for details. After the computer is up and running, return the processor to the fast speed. Another solution is too warm-boot your computer after every power on.
* Check for I/O address conflicts. To isolate the conflicts, verify that the drive and host adapter are compatible with your computer. Turn off the computer and remove all the peripheral adapter cards except for the video card and the host adapter. If the computer recognizes the drive when you reboot the computer, turn off the computer. Reinstall the other peripheral cards, one at a time, until the conflict reoccurs. After you have isolated the source of the address conflict, you can resolve the conflict by changing the 1/0 address of the peripheral that appears to cause the conflict.
* If Disk Manager has installed the DDO on your hard drive and you have booted directly from a diskette, the information in the boot record for the drive may not have been loaded. Make sure there is no diskette in drive A and reboot. If you want to boot from the diskette, follow the ?Booting with a Diskette? instructions under ?Advanced Disk Manager Options?


# The dealer partitioned and formatted the drive for you in the store, but the drive does not respond when you install it.

* Reboot the computer and make sure the drive spins up.
* Check all cables.
* Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
* Make sure the DOS or Windows version the dealer used to partition and format the drive is the same version you have installed in your computer. If it isn?t, see your dealer.
* Verify the drive-type values in the system setup program. You must install the drive using the same drive-type values your dealer used to partition the drive.
* Check for 1/0 address conflicts between the peripheral cards.
* Check for viruses.


# The system hangs in FDISK or fails to create or save the partition record.

* Check all cables.
* Your setup system diskette may be corrupted. Try using a backup diskette.
* Make the partitions smaller.
* Change the interrupt jumper setting on the host adapter.
* Some BIOS have a Track 0 protection feature that protects Track 0 from viruses. This may cause FDISK to hang the system. You must disable this feature in the system setup program before you can use FDISK. See your computer reference guide for assistance. Be sure to re-enable this important feature when FDISK is done.


# The system error message, ?Drive not ready,? appears.

* Check all cable connections. Make sure pin 1 of the drive is connected to pin 1 of the hard-disc controller or host adapter.
* Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
* Reboot the computer and make sure the drive spins up.


# The FDISK error message, ?No Fixed Disk Present,? appears.

* Make sure the power supply is adequate for system needs.
* Verify the drive-type values in the system setup program.
* Check for 1/0 address conflicts.


# The drive does not format to full capacity.

* Verify the drive-type values in the system setup program. One of the following problems may have occurred:
* The values may be set with an incorrect translation characteristic.
* You may have entered a parameter value that exceeds the physical capacity of the drive.
* You entered a translation characteristic that does not take full advantage of the drive?s capacity.
* The drive?s physical specifications exceed the translation limits imposed by the BIOS.

CAUTION: If you change the drive-type values in the system setup program, you must partition and format the drive again. This erases data on the drive.

* If you have partitioned the drive into individual logical drives, you may need to make the partitions smaller to access the full drive capacity.
* If your computer supports LBA mode, you may need to enable LBA mode in the system setup program to access the full capacity of the drive. Refer to your computer?s reference guide to find out how to enable LBA.
* Your computer may not support drives that have more than 4,092 cylinders. Follow the instructions on page 25 for after you install your new drive, your computer will not boot, and no error message appears on the screen.


# The DOS message ?Disk Boot Failure,? ?Non-System Disk? or ?No ROM Basic-SYSTEM HALTED? appears.

* Reinstall the DOS system files using the DOS SYS utility.
* Check all cables.
* Use FDISK to verify that the primary partition is active.
* Check for viruses.


# The system error message, ?HDD controller failure? appears.

* Confirm the jumper settings on the drive.
* Verify the drive-type settings in the system setup program. 

Recover data from failed hard disk

March 20, 2008 Add Comment

Recover data from failed hard disk


Hard Disk: An Introduction

Hard Disks are used to store information. All information on computers are stored in files. Hard disks store the majority of information on today's modern computer. Hard disk drives (HDDs) can be critically damaged by static electricity, shock, and other factors, often resulting in failure or the loss of valuable data. In many cases it may become necessary to recover information from your hard drive. Such retrieval is quite possible.

Hard Disk Failure

*Physical Failures

Physical failure occurs from sudden switch off, power failure, sliding them off desks and cheap components. As for data loss, data is only magnetic impulses on the surface of a hard disk. And ridiculously small bits of magnetism at that! When the magnetic impulse fades, or changes position, trouble starts.

Drive Alignment Drift is another cause of problems. Mechanical devices are subject to wear and tear, heat and cold, loosening tolerances etc.

The small changes in the read/write heads wouldn't matter usually, as data still gets written in the same place as it will be read later. However, there is some data that hardly ever gets re-written, and that is the Sector ID Headers.

*Logical Failures

Master Boot Record Failure

Technically, when the Master Boot Record is working correctly, the master boot code scans the partition table for the active partition, finds the starting sector, loads a copy of the boot sector from the active partition into memory and then transfers control to the executable code in the boot sector. If the master boot code cannot complete these functions, the system displays a message similar to the MBR error.

*Boot Sector Failure

The boot sector is a region of a hard disk, floppy disk, and other similar data storage device. It is loaded to memory and executed as a part of the bootstrap sequence. The boot sector contains a small computer program that is loaded on the operating system into memory and transfers the control.

Most boot sector failure occurs by the defection of boot sector virus. Boot sector viruses are usually spread by infected floppy disks. In the past, these were usually bootable disks, but this is no longer the case. A floppy disk does not need to be bootable to transmit a boot virus. Any disk can cause infection if it is in the drive when the computer boots up or shuts down.

*Accidentally Deleted Data

Some time some how you may delete a file thinking we don?t need it any more, but in a week or or two you may realize that it is a needed one. It happens to the best of us, but fortunately there are ways to get these lost files back.

When it comes to data on your computer, it is almost impossible to accidentally remove it beyond recoverability. Even if you are intentionally trying to completely wipe a file from your hard drive it is exceedingly difficult.

*Cross Linked Files

A file system error that corrupts the contents of an existing file by writing data from another file into the same cluster. Running Scandisk or a similar program cleans up the problem, but one of the files is no longer usable.

*Bad Sectors

It is a portion of the Hard disk that cannot be used any more. If a part of the disk get bad sector which contains data then those data is to be recovered before use. When you format a disk, the OS will mark all the unusable sector as bad sector, however, this does not affect the overall performance of the disk as the damaged space is considered unusable.

Hard Disk Data Recovery

*Replace the (Circuit Board) PCB

Upon a Hard Drive circuit board failure, it is possible to get back the data by carefully replacing the PCB of the hard drive.

*Replace the Firmware

Hard disk firmware is the information that is used by the computer that allows it to correctly interact with the hard disk. It may be replaced or updated by the matching firmware.

*Replace the Head Stack

There are common situation that may be due to head failures. There is a small chip located in the head stack that is called PREAMPLIFIER. Working with preamplifiers always includes some difficulties, because, practically, they can not withstand static discharges. If re-soldering is needed, one should follow a number of rules to protect a preamplifier from static damage caused by careless finger touching. Although this task is very risky and it should be done in a high secured lab specially created for this task.

*Move the disk to another Drive

In some cases complete functionality of the Hard drive may be disabled while only the internal disk plate is without any damages or errors. In those situations, it is possible to move the disk to another drive.

*Spin-Stand Testers

Hard drive manufactures and their head media; preamplifier and read channel suppliers do have very accurate, very expensive "magic machines" called Spin-Stands. These are used for testing and experimenting with heads and disks. They are used mostly by researcher and development departments.

*Magnetic Force Microscopes (MFM)

Magnetic force microscopy is a powerful tool for high-resolution magnetic imaging of most data storage media. As the density of magnetic media is higher, the bit becomes smaller than the wavelength of light, so optical techniques can not resolve it. General MFM is capable of imaging the magnetic domain of several tens of nanometers. Also, MFM is almost simultaneous with measuring the surface characteristics of topography and roughness of the same area with sub-angstrom vertical resolution.

Recovery Softwares

*SpinRite 6.0

SpinRite is a stand-alone DOS program designed to refurbish hard drives, floppy disks and recover data from marginally or completely unreadable hard drives and floppy disks and from partitions and folders which have become unreadable.

*Ontrack data recovery software

Ontrack Data Recovery offers the industry's highest quality and cost-effective do-it-yourself data recovery software solutions for almost any data loss situation covering servers, desktops or laptops for all media, operating systems and file types. Ontrack's EasyRecoveryTM family of products is unmatched in its ability to recover/repair from all causes of lost data.

*Recover My Files

Recover My Files data recovery software will easily recover deleted files emptied from the Windows Recycle Bin, or lost due to the format or corruption of a hard drive, virus or Trojan infection, and unexpected system shutdown or software failure.

Computer's Heat Sink Change Procedure

March 16, 2008 Add Comment

Computer's Heat Sink Change Procedure

Heat Sink on Motherboard

Everyone really want a fast hot computer when we want to do some business computing and when we want to play those high speed games.But we don't want a fast and Hot computer in the literal sense.

Heat will destroy any computer component if not removed in time.And the CPU Chip is one of the main components of your system that produces heat.

The heat sink has the all important task of keeping the CPU Chip cool so it does not overheat.And there may be times when the heat sink will fail to perform its job and must be changed.

Changing the heat sink on your central processing unit or CPU chip is a simple job.And the best part is that you only need a small screwdriver,cotton swabs,and some rubbing alcohol.

To change the heat sink remember to think safety first.This means that you want to be sure you have clean hands,a clean work place,and removing all static charge from your body by touching a door knob or any other metal object.

Once you have a suitable work area and clean hands you should now have a clean suitable mind as well. Allow this task to be both educational and fun.To change the heat sink perform the following.

Foot 1.Unplug the computer and remove the cover from the System Unit case.

Foot 2. Find the CPU Chip and the heat sink will be on top.Find the wires that go to the motherboard and very carefully unplug them.

Foot 3. Remove the old heat sink and cooling fan assembly.Most Pentium based computers will have two levers that lock the heat sink in place.

On older Pentium computers,the AMD Athlon and the Duron processor,look for a ZIF or Zero Insertion Force socket where the processor is mounted.

Gently release the clips by sliding a very small screwdriver blade underneath it and lift the heat sink off the CPU.Take great care here do you don't damage the cpu chip in any way.

Foot 4. Once the old heat sink has been removed, clean away the old thermal paste using cotton swabs and rubbing alcohol.Allow time for the CPU to dry.

Foot 5. Grab some thermal paste and squeeze a little onto the top of the CPU.Only place enough to have a thin layer between the CPU and Heat Sink.

Foot 6. Before installing the new heat sink, clean the bottom off with some warm, soapy water. Check to be sure the Heat Sink is dry before installing it.

Foot 7. Carefully line it up over the ZIF socket and processor if so equipped.If the computer have the newer Pentium or Athlon based chip,lock the two clips holding the assembly.

Foot 8. With the CPU and heat sink firmly in place, now its time to re-connect the fan wires for the cooling fan.Plug the assembly into the motherboard.

Foot 9. Check,double check,and after that,check some more to be sure all connections are in place.See if the heat sink assembly is well secured in its socket.

Foot 10. Now replace the system unit cover,plug any peripherals you disconnected.Start the PC and the computer should now realize it has a new device in its system.

Once the computer has been booted up,check to be sure the Operating System is working.If possible, look at rear of the computer to see if the fan is operating as it should.

The Central Processing Unit is not the only heat producing component in your computer.But since its the brains of any computer,you want to be sure the heat sink performs at its best.

Take the time to learn this procedure in detail by removing the case and looking at the heat sink in your own computer.Knowing how to perform this task can save you money should you need to change your heat sink in the future.

Graphics (Video) Card Trouble Shooting

January 04, 2008 Add Comment

Here are some basic trouble shooting tips for graphic cards:


* Check that the card is seated properly in its expansion slot. Some AGP cards have design flaws and are ?well-known? to ?pop out? during transportation. For PCI cards, if the problem still exists, try a difference PCI expansion slot.

* Ensure the display cable is securely fastened to the card?s display connector.

* Make sure that the display and computer are plugged in and receiving power.

* If necessary, disable any built-in graphics capabilities on your motherboard. For more information, see your computer?s manual.

* Make sure you selected the appropriate display device and graphics card when you installed your enhanced driver.

* If you problems during start-up, start your computer in Safe Mode. In Windows 98, press the F8 key when ?Starting Windows 98? appears; or, in Windows 98 press and hold the CTLR key until the Windows 98 Startup Menu appears on the screen. Then select the number for Safe Mode, and press Enter. 

Disk Maintenance

March 25, 2007 Add Comment

Disk Maintenance


Let's begin with a proactive approach to file system maintenance. What steps should an administrator take to help prevent file system problems from happening in the first place? Here are my seven golden rules on the subject, in no particular order:

1. Upgrade your servers to Windows Server 2003. There's real value in doing this as far as disk maintenance is concerned, for example:

* The chkdsk command in Windows Server 2003 runs a lot faster than the Windows 2000 version of this utility, plus it can fix things like a corrupt Master File Table (MFT) that the previous version of the utility would choke on.
* Powerful new command-line tools like DiskPart.exe, Fsutil.exe and Defrag.exe give you more flexibility for managing disks from the command-line instead of the GUI. These tools can be scripted to automate common disk management tasks you need to perform on a regular basis.
* The new Automated System Recovery (ASR) feature greatly simplifies the task of restoring your system/boot volume in the event of catastrophic disk failure.

2. Use hardware redundancy. RAID 1 disk mirroring lets you recover from catastrophic system volume failure with zero downtime, while RAID 5 is a great way of protecting your data volumes. Windows servers include support for built-in software RAID but you'll get better performance and true hot-swap redundancy by investing more money and buying a hardware RAID controller for your system instead. Don't forget though, keep a few spare drives handy so you can swap them during an emergency—redundancy is useless if you don't have the redundant hardware around to use it. Note that if you do choose to go with the software RAID provided by Windows, mirroring your boot and system volumes requires that these volumes be one and the same i.e. one volume is both your boot volume (contains operating system files) and your system volume (contains hardware-specific boot files).

3. Use a good antivirus program. Viruses can be nasty, and one of the things they can do when they infect a machine is to corrupt the Master Boot Record (MBR) and other critical portions of your hard drives. Not only should you have AV installed on your servers, you should also avoid risky behaviors such as running scripts from untrusted sources, browsing the web, and so on. These are just the kinds of behavior that can lead to infecting your system, so avoid doing things like this on your production servers.

4. Defragment your file systems on a regular basis. This is especially important on servers on which a high number of transactional operations occur as the file systems can quickly become fragmented, dragging down the performance of applications running on your server. To perform a successful defrag you should really have at least 15% free space left on your disk, so make sure you don't let critical system or data disks fill up too much or they'll be harder to maintain. The new command-line Defrag.exe tool of Windows Server 2003 is useful here since you can schedule regular running of this tool during off-hours using the Schtasks.exe command instead of having to defrag manually or buy a third-party defrag tool.

5. Run chkdsk /r on a regular basis. This command finds bad sectors on your disk and tries to fix them by recovering data from them and moving it elsewhere. You can run this command either from a command-prompt window or from the Recovery Console if you can't boot your system normally. Remember that when you try and run chkdsk.exe on your system or boot volume, Windows configures autochk.exe (the boot version of chkdsk.exe) to run at your next reboot. This means you'll need to schedule downtime for your server when you perform this kind of maintenance so that autochk.exe can run.

6. Check your event logs regularly for any disk-related events. Windows sometimes determines on its own when a disk is "dirty" i.e. there are file system errors present on it. In that case, Windows automatically schedules autochk.exe to run at the next reboot, but it also writes an event to the Application log using either the source name "Chkdsk" or "Winlogon". So filter your Application log to view these kinds of events on a regular basis or collect them using Microsoft Operations Manager (MOM) or whatever other systems management tool you use on your network.

7. Back up all your volumes regularly. As a last recourse in the event of a disaster, having working backups of both your system/boot volume and data volumes is critical. ASR in Windows Server 2003 makes backing up the boot/system volume easier, while backing up your data volumes can be done using the Windows Backup (ntbackup.exe) tool or any other backup tool such as one from a third-party vendor. Whatever way you choose to back up your system, do it regularly and verify your backups to ensure you can recover your system using them.


8. (the Platinum rule) If your disk starts to make funny sounds, don't ignore them—do something. Disk failure is often preceded by funny sounds emanating from your computer. These clicking, scraping, screeching, or other types of sounds mean trouble, so when you hear them it's time to make sure you've got a recent backup and a spare disk handy just in case. And it's also time to check your event logs, run chkdsk –r, and use other maintenance and troubleshooting tools to check the health of your disks. Don't ignore these funny sounds! 

Check Cisco Switch Version and Hardware

December 04, 2005 Add Comment

Check Cisco Switch Version and Hardware


In order to check Cisco Catalyst switch software version and hardware information, use the following command:

show version

or

show hardware

Both commands can be used, and the output can be interpreted like the following:

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS ™ GS Software (GS7), Experimental Version 10.2(11829) [pst 113]

System-Type (ImageName) Version Major.Minor(Release.Interim)[Who] Desc

System-Type: Type of system the software is designed to run on.
ImageName: The name of the image. This is different (slightly) for run-from-rom, run-from-flash, and run-from-ram images, and also for subset images which both were and will be more common.
Version: Text changes slightly when, for example, if given a special version of software to try out a bug fix, it will say experimental version.
Major: Major version number, which (in theory) whenever has major feature additions and changes to the softare.
Minor: Minor version number, which counts smaller but still signficant feature added.
Release: Increment of 1, 2, 3, 4… for each maintenance release of released software for every compile in some other places.
Interim: Increment on every build of the release tree in software control, which happens weekly for each release, but is only made into a generically shipping maintenance release every 7 to 8 weeks or so.
[Who]: Who built it, which has “fc 1″ or similar for released software.
Desc: Additional description.

Copyright (c) 1986-1995 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Thu 09-Mar-95 23:54 by tli
Image text-base: 0×00001000, data-base: 0x00463EB0

Copyright, compilation date, by whom, as well as the starting address of the image.

ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 5.0(7), RELEASE SOFTWARE
ROM: GS Software (GS7), Version 10.0(7), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

The version of ROM bootstrap software, and the version of IOS in ROM.

demo.cisco.net uptime is 2 weeks, 4 days, 18 hours, 38 minutes
System restarted by reload

How long the router has been up, and why it restarted.

System image file is “sse-current”, booted via flash

How the router was booted.

RP (68040) processor with 16384K bytes of memory.

Type of processor.

G.703/E1 software, Version 1.0.
X.25 software, Version 2.0, NET2, BFE and GOSIP compliant.
Bridging software.
ISDN software, Version 1.0.

Various software options compiled in.

1 Silicon Switch Processor.
2 EIP controllers (8 Ethernet).
2 FSIP controllers (16 Serial).
1 MIP controller (1 T1).
8 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interfaces.
16 Serial network interfaces.
128K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
4096K bytes of flash memory sized on embedded flash.

Hardware configuration.

Configuration register is 0×102

Lastly, the “configuration register”, which may be set via software in recent release.

How to Fix Hardware Correctly of computer

December 07, 2004 Add Comment

How to Fix Hardware Correctly of computer


If you have a hobby in the fields of computer, whether related to hardware, software, and also various kinds of trouble shooting, you've never experienced a variety of interference, whether the error in the hardware, and also problems in the software that you install. Various kinds of disturbances occur frequently, especially if you often assembly the computer. Usually things like this happen at the time you finish up the hardware components, such as hard disk, motherboard, memory, processor, VGA, and another component, and also some hardware support. In making a component of the hardware, then here you have a high accuracy are required, although each is in the hardware design of such system with "Plug and Play", so the possibility of errors can occur reduced.

However, it does not mean mistakes will not happen. For instance, for example, if you install one of the jumpers are on the back of the hard disk drive, the motherboard can not recognize the hard drive. Why? Because if you use a one hard disk only, the software will assume hard disk as "Primary Master", but if you install one in the position of jumpers, for example, the position of "Slave", the BIOS will not recognize the hard drive, so the computer can be a new you just can not install booting process next.

In addition, small errors often occur if you are still using Windows 98 operating system, where you still have to use the startup disk booting, if at the time you finished making the disk booting, and you forget to remove the floppy, then this is also can cause the error occurred, where the error is often to make us dizzy, but the solution is very simple, that is, turn off the computer, then remove the floppy diskette is booting, and then turn on your computer again, enter the BIOS menu, and change the BIOS settings on the menu at the first position HDD, after that press escape key, then your computer will be guaranteed return to normal as they are.

From some of these, then we should note in this case is we have to install all components, whether hardware, software, and also some components that support should be installed in accordance with their respective position, because any little mistake is not justified, because it will cause damage on your computer.
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